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Using WWVB as a Timing Reference for NTP Servers

Atomic clocks are incredibly expensive and generally they are normally only to be found in large scale physics laboratories such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology (Colorado) or the National Physical Laboratory in the UK.

Fortunately many national laboratories broadcast the UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) time from their atomic clocks via a radio broadcast.

In the US the national timing broadcast is called WWVB and is broadcast by NIST in Fort Collins, Colorado. The WWVB broadcast is used by millions of people throughout North America to synchronize consumer electronic products like wall clocks, clock radios, and wristwatches. In addition, WWVB is used for high-level applications such as network time synchronization utilizing NTP.

The time code contains the year, day of year, hour, minute, second, and flags that indicate the status of Daylight Saving Time, leap years, and leap seconds.

WWVB broadcasts on 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz and for most users in the United States, the received accuracy should be less than 10 milliseconds (1/100 of a second).

While many NTP servers now use GPS to receive a timing reference, the advantage of using a radio transmission is that a signal can be received indoors (a GPS antenna needs a good view of the sky).

However, the radio signal has a finite range and can be blocked by skyscrapers, mountains and dense conurbations. A radio based NTP server usually consists of a rack-mountable time server, and an antenna, consisting of a ferrite bar inside a plastic enclosure, which receives the radio time and frequency broadcast. The antenna should always be mounted horizontally at a right angle toward the transmission for optimum signal strength.

Similar national timing transmissions are broadcast from other countries in the UK the signal is referred to as MSF and is broadcast by the National Physical Laboratory in Cumbria, other systems are broadcast in Frankfurt, Germany (DCF-77), Japan (JJY) and France (TDF)

Richard N Williams is a technical author and specialist in atomic clocks, telecommunications, NTP and network time synchronisation helping to develop dedicated NTP clocks. Please visit us for more information about an NTP server or other network time server solutions.

Using WWVB as a Timing Reference for NTP Servers / Author: Richard N Williams

Occupation: writer
Richard N Williams is a technical author and a specialist in the telecommunications and network time synchronisation industry helping to develop dedicated time server products. Please visit us for more information about a GPS time server or other NTP server products.
http://www.armagard.co.uk

DVD Printers - for hassle-free DVD duplication

If you want to get your favourite movies, music albums, personal photo album, or any other content duplicated that too without spending lots of money, the dvd printer is the best choice for you. The dvd printer is the best tool to create duplicated dvds as well as for keeping regular back up of the important data of your business that too with no need of anyone’s help. The DVD printers let you copy the data as well as keep regular back ups without any hassles.

Now you can easily duplicate your favourite movies, albums, games, and other entertainment content that too without any hassles. Just create duplicate dvds of your favourite content and start enjoying and sharing it with your friends too. You don’t even need to work hard or spend all your money for this. All you will have to do is to simply get a reliable DVD printer, learn the basic steps, and then start publishing them.

You can get duplicated DVDs with the DVD copier. Furthermore, no training and difficult classes are required for copying the content via the DVD printers. You only have to obtain a good DVD printer, connect it properly to your system, follow the simple steps, and start creating duplicated DVDs and take important back ups. Duplicate as many movies as you wish with the latest dvd printers.

Individuals as well as businesses can easily benefit by using the DVD printer. If you need to take regular back up of the data of your business then copy it on to the DVDs. The DVDs are the best media for this.

Content duplication is both easy and faster with the latest dvd printers. You don’t even need to become a master in content duplication to use the dvd printer, as it’s the easiest tool for this.

About The Author :-
After graduating in electronics seven years ago, Nathan decided to get into the field of electronics. His expertise and knowledge of the latest electronic goods have made him a trusted and reliable name among people as far as seeking expert opinion before buying products such as DVD printer and CD disc Publishers etc is concerned.

DVD Printers - for hassle-free DVD duplication / Author: Nathan Davies

All You Ever Wanted To Know About Ebooks

Is writing your passion? Then a financially lucrative and intellectually rewarding career beckons you. Welcome to the world of ebook writing! As the Internet has paved the way for lucrative business opportunities for almost all walks of life, professional ebook writers are cashing in on the popular propensity to read ebooks more than anything else. If you think writing is a rare gift few people have been endowed with, take a reality check - according to the New York Times best selling author Robert G. Allen, there is at least a good book inside every one of us.

The phenomenal success of blogs on the internet shows that ebooks have a growing potentiality in this digital age where people prefer spending more time with their computers than books, novels, news papers or magazines. Communication theorists have been convinced that the science of communication has evolved from one-to-one to many-to-many. So, you no more have to be a college professor to communicate your views to the people. The ebooks have democratized the knowledge and dissimilation of information.

Benefits for the writers:

Being an ebook writer is easy, simple and uncomplicated. Gone are the days when you had to deal with rejections, editors and other embarrassing restrictions of publications. Ebooks offer you the choice of choosing your own way of publishing your material. You decide the content of material as well; you are not at the helm of any editor either. Aside from artistic liberty, ebooks are an economical means of publishing your books online. Unlike the traditional publication methods, you don`t need spend a lot on publishing them.

Benefits for the readers:

From the readers standpoint, they can access the ebooks from anywhere thanks to the technology of it. You can store, share or delete an ebook as your wish. It saves your precious time. Moreover, you can use the search option to find your targeted pages in the ebook pretty quickly. They have hyperlinks that guide you to the source of information. Moreover, you don`t need to worry about the size of the ebooks as you would incase of hardcopy books.

Benefits for the environment:

Apart from servicing the society through the power of digital communication, ebooks help you conserve the natural resource of your planet in a great way. The books you see around have come from the cutting down of some trees in the forest. The proliferation of ebooks has actually greatly reduced the falling of trees.

How to become an ebook writer?

Being a successful ebook writer may bring you two different benefits. First, you can make some money by selling your ebooks online. Secondly, you may gain popularity by which it is invaluable. However, you should approach methodically if you want to write your first ebook. The most important aspect of being a successful ebook is the ability to choose a topic which has little competition. Hence, the narrower the niche you choose, the easier it is for you to avoid the competition.

Remember, the success of your ebook may not depend entirely on the way of writing. In fact, ebook readers hardly worry about the language as long as the subject matter is interesting. Write your thoughts in a very conversional way like you explain things your friend. If you want to make your research more in-depth, there are many online sources you can count on. In a nutshell, your ebook needs to have the following three qualities such as an easy-to-read style, comprehensibility, and strategies that readers find easy to implement. So, get summon the writer inside you and get ready to run all the way to the bank.

This article can be accessed in portuguese from the Article section of page www.polomercantil.com.br/livros.php

Roberto Sedycias works as IT consultant for www.PoloMercantil.com.br

All You Ever Wanted To Know About Ebooks / Author: Roberto Sedycias